Chronic Inflammatory Mediators Induced Malignant Changes in Tumor Microenvironment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-New Insight

• T.G. Shrihari

  Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology, Krishna Devaraya College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore-562157, Karnataka, India

Oral cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the world. Because of extensive use of carcinogenic products such as Tobacco (Smoking or Chewable form), alcohol consumption and some cases due to infectious agents such as HPV (Human papilloma virus) induced oro-pharyngeal carcinoma. These carcinogens induce inflammatory changes in the inflammatory microenvironment of oral cavity. Oral Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of oral cavity. Chronic inflammatory mediators in tumor microenvironment are adaptive and innate immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, T- lymphocytes,mast cells,B-lymphocytes and their secreting factors such as proteases, ROS and cytokines, which in turn activates transcriptional factors (NF-KB,STAT-3) secreted by these immune cells and tumor cells bring about malignant changes. This article briefs about chronic inflammatory mediators in tumor microenvironment of oral Squamous cell carcinoma and their role in tumor progression.

Mc Cormack VA, Boffetta P. Today’s lifestyles, tomorrow’s cancers; Trends in lifestyle risk factors for cancer in low- and middle – income countries. Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 2349-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq763

Tabishur R, Ghulam SH. Oral cancer awareness in cancer capital of india: An insight. International Journal of Current Research 2018; 10(2): 650510-645054.

Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 2097-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9

Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2009; 45: 309-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.06.002

Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010; 60: 277-300. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20073

Elango JK, Sundaram KR, Gangadharan P, Subhas P, Peter S, Pulayath C, et al. Factors affecting oral cancer awareness in a high – risk population in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 627-30.

Vishakaha G, Anoop K, Komal S, Gagandeep K. Chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis-Emerging role of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Cancer Research Frontiers 2016; 2(2): 200-225. https://doi.org/10.17980/2016.200

Sahingur SE, Yeudall WA. Chemokine function in periodontal disease and oral cavity cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 214-229. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00214

Shabnam S, Michael K. Immunity, Inflammation, and cancer: an eternal fight between good and evil. The Journal of Clin Invest 2015; 125(9): 3347-3355. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI80007

Sheppard K, Kinross KM, Solomon B, Pearson RB, Phillips WA. Targeting PI3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis 2012; 17: 69-95. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevOncog.v17.i1.60

Pollard JW. Trophic macrophages in development and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 2009; 9: 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2528

Hao NB, Lu MH, Fan YH, Cao YL, Zhang ZR, Yang SM. Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clinical & Developmental Immunology 2012; 24: 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/948098

Thiago TM, Ivan CM, Olivier H. The role of mast cells in cancers. F100 Prime Rep 2015; 7: 9.

Shrihari TG, Vijeev V, Soundarya K, Deepa Reddy, Manjunath V. Devaraju D. Anti-inflammatory dietary supplements in the chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Research Frontiers 2016; 2(3): 380-395. https://doi.org/10.17980/2016.380

Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Cell 2010; 6: 883-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025

Shrihari TG, Vasudevan V, Manjunath V, Devaraju D. Potential Co-relation between chronic periodontitis and cancer- An emerging concept. Gulf Journal of Oncology 2016; 1(20): 20-24.

Korniluk A, Koper O, Kemona H, Dymicka- Piekarska. From inflammation to cancer. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2016; 10: 45-52.

Burkholder B, Huang RY, Burgess R, Luo S, Jones VS, Zhang W et al. Tumor –induced perturbation of cytokines and immune cell networks. Biochimica ET Biophysica Acta- Reviews on Cancer 2014; 2: 182-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.004

Chimal-Ramirez GK, Espinoza-Sanchez NA, Fuentes- Panana ES. Protumor Activities of the immune response: Insights in the mechanisms of Immunological shift, oncotraining, and oncopromotion. Journal of Oncology 2013; 7: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/835956

Gabrilovich DI, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Bronte V. Coordinated regulation of myeloid cells by tumours. Nature Reviews Immunology 2012; 12: 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3175

Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Cancer-related inflammation,the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30(7): 1073-81. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp127

Mantovani A. Macrophages, Neutrophils and cancer: A double edged sword. New Journal of Science 2014; 8: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/271940

• PDF