Lipid Profile in Oropharyngeal Cancers in Southern India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-2279.2013.02.02.3Keywords:
Cholesterol, Triglycerides, carcinoma and Oropharyngeal.Abstract
Background: Oropharyngeal cancers are the most common cancers in India especially among the rural population of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh where people practice reverse smoking and Tobacco chewing. These cancers mostly cause dysphagia and dyspnea compromising on their quality of life. The study was designed to understand and evaluate the pattern of serum lipid profile in patients suffering from Oropharyngeal carcinomas.
Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients with Oropharyngeal carcinoma starting from oral cavity and extending up to the level of esophagus have been selected from 25 to 70 years of age with a mean age of 45 years from the Department of Radiotherapy, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam from March 2011 to Aug 2011. A total of 73 healthy controls in the same age group were also selected. All the 60 cases of oropharyngeal cancers were malignant histologically. Serum Lipid profile was done for all cases and the controls after an overnight fast. Serum Total Cholesterol, High density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol and Triglycerides were measured using authentic kit methods and Very Low density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated from the triglyceride value (using Friedewald's equation).
Results: Cases of oropharyngeal cancer have shown significant decrease in total cholesterol and Low density lipoprotein cholesterol when compared with that of controls (0.006 and 0.005 respectively). Serum triglycerides and Very low density lipoproteins cholesterol also showed a decrease in cases but not significant statistically. However, High density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly elevated in patients with oropharyngeal cancers when compared with controls (p=0.005). The same trend of low cholesterol and low density cholesterol was observed in both males and females, though not significant among females. However, high density cholesterol levels showed significant rise in both males and females.
Conclusion: The present study has shown significant association between serum lipid profile variations and Oropharyngeal cancer.
References
Stewart BW, Kleihues P, Eds. World Cancer Report. Lyon: WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer 2003.
Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31(Suppl. 1): 3-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j..2003.com122.x
Strengthening the prevention of oral cancer: the WHO perspective. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 397-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00251.x
Mirbod SM, Ahing SI. Tobacco associated lesions of the oral cavity: Part I, Non- malignant lesions. J Cancer Dent Assoc 2000; 66: 252-6.
Mirbod SM, Ahing SI. Tobacco associated lesions of the oral cavity: Part II. Malignant lesions. J Cancer Dent Assoc 2000; 66: 308-11.
Reibel J. Tobacco and oral diseases: an update on the evidence, with recommendations. Med Princ Pract 2003; 12: 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069845
Cogliano V, Straif K, Baab R, Grosse Y, Secretan B, Ghissassi FEI. Smokeless tobacco and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5: 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01633-X
Ames BN. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens: Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases. Science 1983; 221: 1256-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6351251
Schatzkin A, Hoover RN, Taylor PR, Ziegler RG, Carter CL, Albanes D, et al. Site-specific analysis of total serum cholesterol and incident cancers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic follow-up study. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 452-8.
Halton JM, Nazir DJ, McQueen MJ, Barr RD. Blood lipid profiles in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 1998; 83: 379-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980715)83:2<379::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-P
Simo CE, Orti LA, Sena FF, Contreras BE. Blood cholesterol in patients with cancer. An Med Interna 1998; 15: 363-6.
Allampallam K, Dutt D, Nair C, Shetty V, Mundle S, Lisak L, et al. The clinical and biologic significance of abnormal lipid profiles in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. J Hematother Stem Cell Res 2000; 9: 247-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/152581600319469
Gilbert MS, Ginsberg H, Fagerstrom R, Brown WV. Characterization of hypocholesterolemia in myeloproliferative disease: Relation to disease manifestations and activity. Am J Med 1981; 71: 595-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(81)90212-6
Alexopoulos CG, Blatsios B, Avgerinos A. Serum lipids and lipoprotein disorders in cancer patients. Cancer 1987; 60: 3065-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19871215)60:12<3065::AID-CNCR2820601234>3.0.CO;2-Q
Larking PW. Cancer and low levels of plasma cholesterol: the relevance of cholesterol precursors and products to incidence of cancer. Prev Med 1999; 29: 383-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1999.0550
Williams RR, Sorlie PD, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. Cancer incidence by levels of cholesterol. J Am Med Assoc 1981; 245: 247-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1981.03310280023021
Eichholzer M, Stahelin HB, Gutzwiller F, Ludin E, Bernasconi F. Association of low plasma cholesterol with mortality for cancer at various sites in men: 17-y follow-up of the prospective basel study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 569-74.
Cambein F, Ducimetiere P, Richard J. Total serum cholesterol and cancer mortality in a middle-aged male population. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 388-94.
Michael L, Bishop, Janet L, Duben-Engelkirk, Edward P, Fody. Clinical Chemistry. Principles, Procedures, Correlations, 3rd ed. 1996; 313-314, 317, 318.
Allain CL, Poon LS, Chan CSG, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem 1974; 20: 470-75.
Wieland O. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Bergermeyer HO, Ed. Academic Press 1963; pp. 211-214.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499-502.
Fluitest LDL-CHOL Kit method: HDL-cholesterol precipitation for enzymatic assay for the direct quantitative determination of HDL-cholesterol. Biocon Diagnostic Inc Hecke 8-34516 Vohl/Mariehagen Germany.
Fluitest HDL-CHOL Kit method: LDL-cholesterol precipitation for enzymatic essay for quantitative determination of LDL-cholesterol. Biocon Diagnostic Inc Hecke 8-34516 Vohl/Mariehagen Germany.
Patel PS, Shah MH, Jha FP, Raval GN, Rawal RM, Patel MM, et al. Alterations in plasma lipid profile patterns in head and neck cancer and oral precancerous conditions. Indian J Cancer 2004; 41(1): 25-31.
Ghosh G, Jayaram KM, Patil RV, Malik S. Alterations in serum lipid profile patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011; 12(6): 451-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1075
Raste AS, Naik PP. Clinical significance of lipid profile in cancer patients. Indian J Med Sci 2000; 54(10): 435-41.
Gupta S, Gupta S. Alterations in serum lipid profile patterns in oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions and conditions—a clinical study. Indian J Dent 2011; 2(2): 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0975-962X(11)60002-6
Dave A, Jhamb P, Kalra M. Idiopathic Dyslipidaemia in cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Pathol 2011; 2(4): 83-85. ©International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.
Naik PP, Ghadge MS, Raste AS. Lipid profile in leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. Indian J Clin Biochem 2006; 21(2): 100-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02912921
Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Kato I. Prospective study of serum cholesterol and site-specific cancers. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 287-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(92)90089-6
Kark JD, Smith AH, Hames CG. The relationship of serum cholesterol to the incidence of cancer in Evans Country, Georgia. J Chronic Dis 1980; 33: 311-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(80)90026-0
Miller SR, Tartter PI, Papatetsas AE, Slater G, Aufses J. Serum Cholesterol and Human colon cancer. J Natt Can Inst 1981; 67: 297-300.
McNamara PM, Kannel W, B Kannel Dawber TR. Cancer incidence by levels of cohlesterol. JAMA 1981; 245: 247-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1981.03310280023021
Stemmerman GN, Nomura AMY, Heilbrun KL, Pollack ES, Kagan A. Serum cholesterol and colon cancer incidence in Hawarian Japanese men, JNCI 1981; 67: 1179-82.
Owiredu WK, Donkor S, Addai BW, Amidu N. Serum lipid profile of breast cancer patients. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12(4): 332-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2009.332.338
Peela JR, Jarari AM, El Saiety SO, El Busaifi S, Shakila S, et al. The Relationship between Serum Lipids and Breast Cancer in Libya. Biochem Anal Biochem 2012; 1: 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000117
Lohe VK, Degwekar SS, Bhowate RR, Kadu RP, Dangore SB. Evaluation of correlation of serum lipid profile in patients with oral cancer and precancer and its association with tobacco abuse. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39(2): 141-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00828.x
Kumar P, Augustine J, Urs AB, Arora S, Gupta S, Mohanty VR. Serum lipid profile in oral cancer and leukoplakia: Correlation with tobacco abuse and histological grading. J Can Res Ther 2012; 8: 384-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.103517
Shor R, Wainstein J, Oz D, Boaz M, Matas Z, Fux A, Halabe A. Low Serum LDL Cholesterol Levels and the Risk of Fever, Sepsis, and Malignancy. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2007; 37(4).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
